What are the main causes and charcateristics of Alzheimer’s disease?
What are the main causes and charcateristics of Alzheimer’s disease?
Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive and irreversible neurological disease, is one of the most common types of dementia that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a debilitating disease that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Despite extensive research, the exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease remains elusive. Scientists believe that combinations of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. However, it is widely accepted that abnormal protein deposits, especially amyloid plaque and tau tangles, play an important role in the progression of the disease.
Role of Amyloid Plaque.
Amyloid plaques consisting of pieces of beta-amyloid protein are one of the characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease. When beta-amyloid protein aggregates and accumulates in the brain, these plaques form and interfere with normal communication between nerve cells. When these plaques accumulate, inflammation occurs over time and brain cells are destroyed.
Scientists believe that the main immediate cause of Alzheimer’s disease lies in the production and removal of beta-amyloid proteins. In healthy people, these proteins are efficiently removed by the brain’s waste removal system. However, in Alzheimer’s patients, the removal process is hindered by the formation of amyloid plaques.
The Role of Tau Tangle.
Another key role of Alzheimer’s disease is the development of tau tangles. Tau protein serves to maintain the stability and structure of the microtubules in neurons. In Alzheimer’s disease, tau protein becomes abnormal and clumps together to form tangles that interfere with the transport of essential nutrients and molecules in neurons. This damages the function and connectivity of neurons, contributing to cognitive decline.
It is thought that the abnormal accumulation of tau tangles is caused by the presence of amyloid plaques. Although the exact relationship between amyloid plaques and tau tangles is not yet fully understood, the researchers speculate that the interaction between these two pathological features accelerates the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Other factors that contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
Amyloid plaques and tau tangles are considered the main immediate causes of Alzheimer’s disease, but other factors also contribute to its development. These factors include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Certain genetic mutations, such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, have been found to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. However, the presence of these genetic mutations does not guarantee the development of the disease.
2. Age: Old age is the single most important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.